{"id":12355,"date":"2025-11-01T20:41:11","date_gmt":"2025-11-01T20:41:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.jstconsultancy.cz\/?p=10184"},"modified":"2026-07-31T22:20:06","modified_gmt":"2026-07-31T22:20:06","slug":"how-to-correctly-distinguish-lpc","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/intelligent-kalam.80-240-27-133.plesk.page\/en\/how-to-correctly-distinguish-lpc\/","title":{"rendered":"How to correctly distinguish LPC I"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>I&#8217;m still wondering how it is possible that some LPC systems need a batch surface area, others don&#8217;t, some LPC systems produce soot and others don&#8217;t, and how it is possible that some types of LPC throw away a lot of graphite heating elements every year, and other systems claim to last years without maintenance.<\/p>\n<p>Is there a difference between them? Yes, it is, but it really is infinitely large. I tried to find a comparison of the AllCarb system from Fours BMI, SimVac from SecoWarwick, Ipsen Avac, ECM InfraCarb and IHI, offered with the name &#8220;The continuous vacuum carburizing&#8221;.<\/p>\n<p>First, let&#8217;s go through the reasons why soot and tar fumes are formed in the furnace. I came across the basic hypothesis in the material of the ULVAC company, which produces mass spectrometers.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ulvac.com\/userfiles\/files\/Components\/Residual-Gas-Analyzers\/PN-QM01-016-00E_BGM2_Basic_performance_process_GasMonitor_QuleeBGM2-1.pdf\">https:\/\/www.ulvac.com\/userfiles\/files\/Components\/Residual-Gas-Analyzers\/PN-QM01-016-00E_BGM2_Basic_performance_process_GasMonitor_QuleeBGM2-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/intelligent-kalam.80-240-27-133.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/406-obrazek1.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-10161\" src=\"https:\/\/intelligent-kalam.80-240-27-133.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/406-obrazek1-300x153.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"153\" \/><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/intelligent-kalam.80-240-27-133.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/406-obrazek2.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-10163\" src=\"https:\/\/intelligent-kalam.80-240-27-133.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/406-obrazek2-300x161.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"161\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><em><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>Fig. 1 a 2 <\/strong><\/span>&#8211; Measurement of the atmospheric spectrum with a mass spectrometer from ULVAC<\/em><\/p>\n<p>But how do you explain that one way and the other time differently? Normally, C<sub>2<\/sub>H<sub>2<\/sub> decomposes catalytically as mentioned above. In contact with the surface of steel parts. However, if there is an excess of it and it does not only decompose catalytically on the surface of the metal, but in the volume of the furnace \u2014 carbon soot is formed, which settles on parts and walls. This is reflected in the mass spectrum of the atmosphere at m\/e = 14 and 28. The peak m\/e = 14 is not nitrogen but CH<sub>2,<\/sub> and is a manifestation of the reaction C<sub>2<\/sub>H<sub>4<\/sub> \u2192 2 CH<sub>2<\/sub>. This means that at the same time the basic peak for acetylene m\/e = 26 decreases. The next decomposition is then C<sub>2<\/sub>H<sub>4<\/sub> (28) \u2192 CH<sub>2<\/sub>(14) + H<sub>2<\/sub>(2) + C(12), and the carbon at the end is the excess carbon.<\/p>\n<p>Therefore, if <strong>C\u2082H\u2082 is consumed quickly<\/strong> and <strong>C\u2082H\u2084 remains low<\/strong>, the carburization takes place correctly (reaction on the surface, no soot).<\/p>\n<p>If <strong>C\u2082H\u2082 remains high<\/strong> or <strong>C\u2082H\u2084 starts to grow<\/strong>, pyrolysis occurs. This leads to the formation of soot, loss of efficiency, the need to adjust parameters (pressure, flow, boost duration).<\/p>\n<p><strong>The ideal reaction takes place heterogeneously on the surface of the steel, where the atomic carbon dissolves into the surface.<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The result is: a decrease in C\u2082H\u2082, a slight increase in H\u2082, no C\u2082H\u2084.<\/li>\n<li>The surface acts as a catalyst and at the same time as a &#8220;cesspool&#8221; for carbon. Simply put, everything is consumed in steel.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>If the conditions change in such a way that C\u2082H\u2082 <strong>does not decompose catalytically on the metal<\/strong>, but begins <strong>to react homogeneously in the gas<\/strong>, reactions such as:<\/p>\n<p>2 C<sub>2<\/sub>H<sub>2 <\/sub>\u2192 C<sub>4<\/sub>H<sub>4 <\/sub>\u2192 C<sub>2<\/sub>H<sub>4<\/sub> + 2 C (soot)<\/p>\n<p>or to put it simply:<\/p>\n<p>C<sub>4<\/sub>H<sub>4\u00a0<\/sub><sub>\u00a0<\/sub>\u2192 C<sub>2<\/sub>H<sub>4<\/sub> + 2 C<\/p>\n<p>Thus, the resulting <strong>C\u2082H\u2084 (ethylene)<\/strong> is the product <strong>\u00a0of uncontrolled C\u2082H\u2082 pyrolysis<\/strong>. What invoices affect this?<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/intelligent-kalam.80-240-27-133.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/406-obrazek6.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-10172\" src=\"https:\/\/intelligent-kalam.80-240-27-133.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/406-obrazek6-300x109.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"418\" height=\"152\" \/><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/intelligent-kalam.80-240-27-133.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/406-obrazek4.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-10168\" src=\"https:\/\/intelligent-kalam.80-240-27-133.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/406-obrazek4-300x153.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"153\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><em><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>Fig. 3 a 4<\/strong>\u00a0<\/span>&#8211; Factors affecting sooting<\/em><\/p>\n<p>The indication of the transition between optimal and non-optimal carburizing is as follows:<\/p>\n<p><strong>Optimal carburizing: <\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>C\u2082H\u2082 drops sharply after injection into the furnace<\/li>\n<li>C\u2082H\u2084 \u2248 0,<\/li>\n<li>H\u2082 rises slightly.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Risky carburizing with sooting: <\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>C\u2082H\u2082 remains high,<\/li>\n<li>C\u2082H\u2084 starts to rise (clear warning sign),<\/li>\n<li>H\u2082 can rise sharply (decomposition in volume).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Ethylene (C\u2082H\u2084) in a vacuum chamber is formed when acetylene is exceeded \u2014 that is, when C\u2082H\u2082 decomposes in a volume of gas instead of on the surface of steel.\u00a0This occurs at high partial pressure, inappropriate temperature, long boost or poor flow.\u00a0A properly set LPC process (boost short, pressure ~0.5\u20132 mbar, temperature &gt; 900 \u00b0C, good flow) leads to only C\u2082H\u2082 \u2192 H\u2082 + C(Fe) without C\u2082H\u2084 formation.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Stable area for LPC<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Temperature: ~900\u2013980 \u00b0C<\/li>\n<li>Partial pressure C\u2082H\u2082: \u22483\u20132 mbar<\/li>\n<li>H\u2082\/C\u2082H\u2082 ratio: &gt; 2 (controlled inert or carrier gas supply)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>In this area, the catalytic decomposition of acetylene takes place directly on the surface of the steel; no C\u2082H\u2084, minimum CH\u2084.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Unstable area<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>C\u2082H\u2082 pressure &gt; 5 mbar or insufficient flow \u2192 spontaneous polymerization of C\u2082H\u2082 \u2192 C\u2082H\u2084, C\u2084H\u2084, carbon black<\/li>\n<li>Low temperature (&lt; 850 \u00b0C) \u2192 metal inactive, decomposition moves to a volume of \u2192 C\u2082H\u2084 + C.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Converted into a graph, it looks like this:<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/intelligent-kalam.80-240-27-133.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/406-obrazek7.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-10173\" src=\"https:\/\/intelligent-kalam.80-240-27-133.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/406-obrazek7-300x224.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"224\" \/><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/intelligent-kalam.80-240-27-133.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/406-obrazek8.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-10175\" src=\"https:\/\/intelligent-kalam.80-240-27-133.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/406-obrazek8-300x199.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"199\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><em><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>Fig. 5 a 6<\/strong>\u00a0<\/span>&#8211; Stability band chart for LPC and comparison of the behavior of InfraCarb from ECM Technologies and SimVac from SecoWarwick.<\/em><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>&#x1f7e2; Green area \u2013 stable carburizing (surface decomposition, no C\u2082H\u2084).<\/li>\n<li>&#x1f7e0; Orange \u2013 low temperature\/pressure \u2192 insufficient activation, C\u2082H\u2082 hardly decomposes.<\/li>\n<li>&#x1f534; Red \u2013 too high pressure or poor flow \u2192 pyrolysis, formation of C\u2082H\u2084 and soot.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>And what is the difference between, for example, the ECM InfraCarba SimVac from SecoWarwick?<\/p>\n<p>&#x1f534; <strong>ECM InfraCarb\u00ae<\/strong> \u2013 short, strong pulses of acetylene (high C\u2082H\u2082 activity) that temporarily oversaturate the surface above the <strong>A<sub>cm<\/sub><\/strong> line\u00a0 \u2192 short-term Fe\u2083C is formed, from which carbon diffuses into austenite.<\/p>\n<p>&#x1f535; <strong>Seco\/Warwick SimVac\u00ae<\/strong> \u2013 smooth, low-intensity control of the atmosphere so that the surface remains at equilibrium &#8220;carbon potential&#8221; (e.g. 1.1 %C) \u2014 without switching to Fe\u2083C.<\/p>\n<p>The problem is that in the first case they don&#8217;t need to know the area, the equilibrium is established automatically on the line A<sub>cm<\/sub>, with SimVac I need to know the size of the area to establish the equilibrium on a certain saturation potential. But if I miss, I have a good chance of switching to C<sub>2<\/sub>H<sub>4 <\/sub>mode \u00a0with all the consequences. The principle is therefore similar to that of Cp control in multi-purpose furnaces.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/intelligent-kalam.80-240-27-133.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/406-obrazek10.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-10179\" src=\"https:\/\/intelligent-kalam.80-240-27-133.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/406-obrazek10-300x246.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"246\" \/><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/intelligent-kalam.80-240-27-133.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/406-obrazek9.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-10177\" src=\"https:\/\/intelligent-kalam.80-240-27-133.plesk.page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/406-obrazek9-300x236.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"236\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><em><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>Fig. 7 a 8<\/strong>\u00a0<\/span>&#8211; Graphical presentation of the difference between SimVac (left) and InfraCarb (right)<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Of course, there are other factors that contribute to the formation of soot in the combustion chamber. We will talk about this in the next part.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Ji\u0159\u00ed Stanislav<\/p>\n<p>November 1,\u00a0 2025<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>I&#8217;m still wondering how it is possible that some LPC systems need a batch surface area, others don&#8217;t, some LPC systems produce soot and others don&#8217;t,<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":12,"featured_media":12603,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[314,334],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-12355","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ecm-furnaces-en","category-technology-en"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.0 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>How to correctly distinguish LPC I - JST Consultancy<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"noindex, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"cs_CZ\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"How to correctly distinguish LPC I - 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